Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that was first discovered in 1953, derived from the soil bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis. Initially revealed to be effective against gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin gained prominence as a crucial treatment for serious infections, especially those resistant to other antibiotics. Over time, it has become a cornerstone in managing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and is widely used in clinical settings for treating complicated skin infections, pneumonia, and endocarditis. The development of resistance to Vancomycin itself has emerged as a critical concern, leading to ongoing research and new therapeutic strategies. Today, Vancomycin levels are monitored using pharmacokinetic principles, making it a vital biomarker in assessing dosing efficacy and preventing toxicity. Its rich history reflects significant advancements in antibiotic therapy and the continuous evolution of microbial resistance patterns.

Elevated Vancomycin levels may indicate an increased risk of kidney toxicity or other adverse effects, particularly if associated with prolonged or inappropriate antibiotic use. High levels could also suggest inadequate renal clearance, leading to potential drug accumulation. Conversely, low Vancomycin levels may signify insufficient therapeutic dosing, which can result in treatment failure for infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Monitoring and adjusting Vancomycin levels is crucial to ensure effective treatment while minimizing potential side effects.

Vancomycin is a key biomarker included in the Gut Zoomer panel, which assesses the presence of antibiotic resistance genes and their impact on gut microbiome health. By measuring vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and other related microbes, this test aids practitioners in understanding the effects of antibiotic use on gut flora, helping to tailor personalized treatment strategies and promote gut balance in patients.