GABA-synthesizing neuronal enzyme
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About Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)
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About Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)
Overview and History
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) is one of two main isoforms of the GAD enzyme family (the other is GAD67). GAD65 is encoded by a distinct gene and is biochemically classified as a pyridoxal phosphate–dependent decarboxylase; it is enriched at synaptic terminals where it helps supply GABA for fast inhibitory signaling.
GAD65 has been studied both for its role in neurotransmission and because immune responses directed at GAD65 have been described in clinical research since the late 20th century. As a tissue-specific antigen, GAD65 can act as a target of autoantibodies, which makes measurements of immune reactivity to GAD65 useful for mapping patterns of immune activity across neural and endocrine tissues.
Interpreting Highs and Lows
Elevated GAD65 autoantibody levels suggest detectable immune reactivity directed at GAD65-expressing tissues, which can point to immune activity involving pancreatic islet cells or neural tissue. Such elevations are a signal of targeted immune recognition rather than a standalone diagnosis; they gain meaning when interpreted alongside symptoms and other Immune Zoomer markers.
Low or undetectable GAD65 autoantibody levels indicate that there is no measurable immune response to GAD65 at the time of testing. A low result does not exclude immune activity elsewhere or at other targets, so results should be integrated with the full panel and clinical picture for accurate interpretation.
Featured Test
GAD65 is included in the Immune Zoomer because it links endocrine and neurological domains: measuring immune reactivity to GAD65 helps identify where immune stress may be focused, refines pattern recognition across organ systems, and aids clinicians in prioritizing follow-up testing and monitoring within a personalized care plan.
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Mary Beth Augustine
DCN, RDN, FAND- Lead Clinical Educator
Suzanne Barker
MS, RDN, LD, CTTS, CGP- Clinical Educator
Suzette Garcia
MSc- MHNE- Clinical Educator
Brooke Mader Ganev
MS, CNS, LDN, FDN- Clinical Educator
Adair Anderson
MS, RDN, LDN- Clinical Educator
Lillie Luu Nguyen
DCN, CNS, LDN- Clinical Educator
Jason Barker
ND- Clinical Educator
Emaline Brown
ND- Clinical Educator
Dana Filatova
DCN, CNS, LDN- Clinical Educator
Jessy Dhanjal
ND- Clinical Educator
Nour Amri
MS, LDN, CNS, CKNS- Clinical Educator
